肝臟疾病,包括藥肝損傷(DILI)、酒肝病(ALD)、非酒脂肪肝病(NAFLD)、自免疫肝病(AILD)、肝細胞癌(HCC)等,是全球重要的健康問題。近年來,研究發現腸道微生態在肝臟疾病的發生發展和治療中發揮著關鍵作用。對“腸-肝”軸的研究有助于闡明肝臟疾病的因果機制及尋找潛在的治療手段。

腸道微生態由腸道菌群及其生活環境共同構,其中腸道菌群是核心部分,由數量龐大的細菌、真菌、病毒、古細菌和原生生的多樣化微生群落。腸道菌群與肝臟之間通過膽道、門靜脈和全介質進行相互流。門靜脈將腸道產運送到肝臟,腸道調節肝臟中的膽酸合、葡萄糖和脂質等代謝,并將膽和抗從肝臟反饋到腸道,肝臟的產反過來影響腸道菌群組和腸道屏障完整。微生和宿主之間的平衡變化可導致多種肝臟免疫、炎癥、代謝和腫瘤疾病。

首先,腸道菌群在藥肝損傷(DILI)中發揮重要作用。近年來的研究發現,DILI患者和模型中腸道菌群的多樣度發生顯著變化。腸道菌群失調可能導致腸道屏障破壞和微生易位,進而導致DILI的發生和發展。此外,腸道菌群還可以影響藥代謝,進而影響DILI的易

其次,腸道菌群在酒肝病(ALD)中起到重要作用。酒會改變腸道菌群的多樣和結構,降低腸道屏障功能,導致腸道致病菌向肝臟易位,并增加肝臟局部炎癥。腸道菌群失調和腸道免疫穩態紊與ALD發展切相關。

此外,腸道菌群在非酒脂肪肝病(NAFLD)中也發揮重要作用。研究發現,NAFLD患者中腸道菌群的組明顯改變,腸桿菌科等變形菌增多,這些菌群特征可能作為NAFLD的診斷標志。腸道菌群失調可能導致腸道通升高、微生移位和毒素癥,進而增加肝臟脂肪和炎癥。

此外,腸道菌群在自免疫肝病(AILD)和肝細胞癌(HCC)中也發揮重要作用。AILD患者的腸道菌群多樣明顯降低,部分細菌度的改變與AILD相關。HCC患者的腸道菌群特征可作為HCC后預后預測的潛在標記。腸道菌群紊和腸道屏障功能破壞增加了微生相關分子模式在肝臟暴的可能,從而促進腫瘤的炎癥、纖維化和再生。

針對腸道微生態的治療手段也在不斷涌現。抗生素、益生菌、益生元、合生元和糞菌移植(FMT)等策略可調節腸道微生態。研究發現,抗生素預理可降低肝移植后損傷的發生率。益生菌或合生元制劑可改善NAFLD患者的肝臟炎癥和脂肪變。FMT可導乙型肝炎患者的抗原清除。

然而,腸道微生態在肝臟疾病中的研究仍存在一些局限。目前的研究主要是相關分析,缺乏對深機制的探索。腸道菌群的特征改變地域、飲食等多種因素的影響,缺乏一致。此外,研究多基于模型,臨床研究仍有待開展。

綜上所述,越來越多的證據支持腸道微生態在肝臟疾病中發揮重要作用,未來靶向腸道菌群可能為肝臟疾病的治療提供新的選擇。然而,還需要進一步的研究來深了解腸道微生態與肝臟疾病之間的關系,并開展更多的臨床研究來驗證其治療潛力。

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